Формирование отчета о движении денежных средств (Cash Flow Statement) прямым и косвенным методом
Главный вопрос каждого собственника: Сколько денег за определенный период заработала компания?
Для ответа на него существует отчет по CashFlow (CF), иначе ‒ отчет о движении денежных средств.
Пользователями CF могут быть как внутренние структуры компании: от бухгалтерии до руководства, так и внешние: вышестоящие организации, банки, инвесторы, органы статистики и прочие.
Отчет по CF предоставляет пользователям данные для проведения анализа и оценки компании по направлениям:
оценка уровня ликвидности и финансовой устойчивости компании;
оценка финансовой дисциплины как отдельных ЦФО, так и компании в целом (на основе CF проводится план-факт анализ БДДС).
Также, отчет дает ответы на вопросы:
как фактически распределялись денежные потоки компании в отчетном периоде (на что потрачены и откуда поступили денежные средства);
достаточное ли количество денежной массы генерирует компания для обеспечения основной деятельности;
владеет ли компания источником денежных средств для обеспечения инвестиционной деятельности.
В предыдущей статье «Копейка рубль бережет. Как правильно спланировать денежные потоки» мы рассказали о подходах к формированию БДДС, являющегося одной из форм планирования и важнейшим инструментарием управления ликвидностью. Теперь, как и обещали, рассмотрим подходы к формированию чистого денежного потока Cash Flow (CF).
Структура CF
Структура CF соответствует форме БДДС.
В статье мы предложили опираться на следующее понятие отчета:
Отчет – это таблица, где строки (статьи) группируются по доходам и расходам, а столбцы (аналитика) ‒ по проектам, услугам, подразделениям/ЦФО.
Таким образом, CF представляет из себя таблицу, где:
Общая формула для расчета чистого денежного потока:
CFO: Чистый денежный поток от операционной деятельности
CFI: Чистый денежный поток от инвестиционной деятельности
CFF: Чистый денежный поток от финансовой деятельности
Что необходимо для формирования CF
Данные по всем операциям движения денежных средств компании. Для целей CF операции ранжируются по видам деятельности: по поступлениям и списаниям
Отчет о прибылях и убытках (PL).
Подходы к формированию CF
CF можно формировать двумя способами: прямым (более простой способ на основании разнесения всех платежей из банковской выписки) и косвенным.
Прямой метод рассчитывает денежный поток от операций путем вычитания денежных выплат поставщикам, сотрудникам и прочих из поступлений от покупателей.
Косвенный метод рассчитывает денежный поток от операционной деятельности путем корректировки чистой прибыли на суммы безналичных доходов и расходов, где:
увеличение текущих активов вычитается из чистой прибыли, а уменьшение ‒ прибавляется;
увеличение текущих обязательств прибавляется к чистой прибыли, а уменьшение ‒ вычитается.
Различия в формировании CF прямым и косвенным методом затрагивают только раздел расчета денежного потока по операционной деятельности (CFO). Расчет денежных потоков по инвестиционной (CFI) и финансовой (CFF) деятельности одинаковы в обоих случаях.
Чтобы увязать два различных метода учета доходов и расходов, а именно: метод начислений и кассовый метод, был придуман косвенный метод составления отчета о движении денежных средств, где расчет строится от суммы прибыли, являющейся гарантом получения денежных средств в будущем.
Следует отметить, что несмотря на различную методологию формирования и саму форму CF прямым и косвенным методом, итоговый результат будет одинаковый. Потому что итоговый результат ‒ это остаток денежных средств, который не может различаться в зависимости от разного подхода к созданию отчета
Прямой метод формирования CF
Все денежные потоки распределяются по статьям и необходимым аналитикам. Из общего потока денежных средств необходимо исключить обороты между различными расчетными счетами, а также между предприятиями группы (внутригрупповые обороты).
Пример: CF прямым методом
Косвенный метод формирования CF
В основе логики формирования CF косвенным методом лежит уравнение:
Cash + CA + NCA = CL + NCL + SE
Δ Cash + Δ CA+ Δ NCA = Δ CL + Δ NCL + Δ SE
Δ Cash = Δ SE – (Δ CA – Δ CL) + Δ NCL – Δ NCA
= Δ CC + (ΝΙ − DIV) – Δ WC + D&A – (Δ NCA + D&A) + Δ NCL
= (NI + D&A – Δ WC) – (Δ NCA+ D&A) + (Δ CC+ Δ NCL – DIV)
Cash flow forecast
Cash flow is critical to any business. Even profitable companies can face insolvency if they don’t maintain the cash flow to meet immediate needs. The cash flow forecasting capability in Finance insights can help companies monitor and manage their cash balances effectively. This feature uses machine learning to help businesses forecast cash flows more accurately than they have previously. It can also help managers make decisions that optimize opportunities in the context of their current cash position.
For most companies, managing cash flow and running cash flow forecasting is a tedious, repetitive, and manual process. Most companies rely on Microsoft Excel solutions that have varying degrees of complexity. The challenges of accurately forecasting cash flow include the following:
Details of the Cash flow forecasts capability
The Cash flow forecasts feature includes the following functionality.
Makes it easy to integrate cash flow data from external systems to Dynamics 365 Finance. Cash flow forecasts can also use the data import-export framework. This framework makes it easy to integrate with Excel OData. You can also combine data from multiple sources to create a comprehensive cash flow solution.
Introduces intelligent cash position. Cash position is created based on customer’s payment behavior to predict when a company can expect cash to arrive in their accounts. It also analyzes the historical patterns of paying vendors, to predict when future invoices and orders are likely to be paid.
Introduces intelligent cash flow forecasting for long-term forecasting, using time series forecasting through automated integration with AI Builder.
Provides the ability to save specific cash flow position or forecasts, edit them, and then easily compare and measure the forecast performance to the actual financials.
Enables what-if analysis through snapshot comparison. For example, you can create multiple snapshots that represent optimistic, pessimistic, and the most realistic views of your cash flow, and then compare and view the differences.
Provides the ability to view the cash flow forecast in multiple currencies, across legal entities, and filter and view cash flow related to a bank account.
Lets you filter and view bank accounts that are related to financial dimensions.
The cash flow forecasting functionality in Dynamics 365 Finance will empower your organization to transform tedious, complex, yet repetitive cash flow projection to a simple, automated process. Automating the most tedious aspects of cash flow forecasting lets you focus on critical decision making to drive desired business outcomes.
Setting up Dimensions for Cash flow forecasting
A new tab on the Cash flow forecasting setup page lets you control what financial dimensions to use for filtering in the Cash flow forecasting workspace. This tab will only appear when the Cash flow forecasts feature is enabled.
On the Dimensions tab, choose from the list of dimensions to use for filtering, and use the arrow keys to move them to the right-hand column. Only two dimensions can be selected for filtering cash flow forecast data.
cash flow forecast
Смотреть что такое «cash flow forecast» в других словарях:
cash flow forecast — UK US noun [C] (also cash flow projection) ► ACCOUNTING, FINANCE a plan of how much money a company expects to spend and receive over a particular period: »The bank has requested that we put together a business plan and cash flow forecast … Financial and business terms
cash-flow forecast — cash flow budget … Accounting dictionary
cash flow forecast — A quantifiable estimate of future *cash movements arising from the operations of an organization or individual. Many *budgets include cash flow forecasts to accompany estimates of accounting costs and revenues … Auditor’s dictionary
cash flow forecast — / kæʃ fləυ ˌfɔ:kɑ:st/ noun a forecast of when cash will be received or paid out … Marketing dictionary in english
cash flow forecast — / kæʃ fləυ ˌfɔ:kɑ:st/ noun a forecast of when cash will be received or paid out … Dictionary of banking and finance
cash-flow budget — cash budget; = cash flow forecast; = cash flow projection; = financial budget A budget that summarizes the expected cash inflows and the expected cash outflows of an organization over a budget period, usually prepared on a monthly basis. It is… … Accounting dictionary
Cash flow forecasting — is the modeling of a company or asset’s future financial liquidity over a specific timeframe. Cash usually refers to the company’s total bank balances, but often what is forecast is treasury position which is cash plus short term investments… … Wikipedia
Cash flow hedge — A cash flow hedge is a hedge of the exposure to the variability of cash flow that # is attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability. Such as all or some future interest payments on variable rate debt or a… … Wikipedia
cash flow — noun Cash flow is used before these nouns: ↑forecast … Collocations dictionary
discounted cash flow — /ˌdɪskaυntɪd kæʃ fləυ/ noun the calculation of the forecast return on capital investment by discounting future cash flows from the investment, usually at a rate equivalent to the company’s minimum required rate of return. Abbreviation DCF COMMENT … Dictionary of banking and finance
discounted cash flow — /ˌdɪskaυntɪd kæʃ fləυ/ noun the calculation of the forecast return on capital investment by discounting future cash flows from the investment, usually at a rate equivalent to the company’s minimum required rate of return. Abbr DCF … Marketing dictionary in english
Cash flow forecasting
Some or all of the functionality noted in this topic is available as part of a preview release. The content and the functionality are subject to change. For more information about preview releases, see Service update availability.
You can use the cash flow forecasting tools to analyze upcoming cash flow and currency requirements, so that you can estimate the company’s future need for cash. To obtain a forecast of the cash flow, you must complete the following tasks:
After you’ve completed these tasks, you can calculate and analyze forecasts of the cash flow and upcoming currency requirements.
Cash flow forecasting integration
Cash flow forecasting can be integrated with General ledger, Accounts payable, Accounts receivable, Budgeting and inventory management. The forecasting process uses transaction information that is entered in the system, and the calculation process forecasts the expected cash impact of each transaction. The following types of transactions are considered when the cash flow is calculated:
Configuration
To configure the cash flow forecasting process, use the Cash flow forecast setup page. On this page, you specify the liquidity accounts to track and the default forecasting behaviors for each area.
General ledger
You must first define the liquidity accounts to track through cash flow forecasting. Typically, these liquidity accounts are main accounts that are associated with the bank accounts that will receive and disburse cash. On the Cash flow forecast setup page, on the General ledger tab, select the main accounts to include for forecasting. If a bank account has been associated with the main account on the Bank account page, it’s shown in the Bank account field.
You can set up a dependent cash flow forecast for a main account that contains transactions that are directly related to transactions in another main account. Each line that you add in the In the Dependent accounts section creates a cash flow forecast amount in a dependent main account. This amount is a percentage of the cash flow amounts to the primary main account that you selected.
First, set the Main account field to the primary main account where transactions are expected to initially occur. Set the Dependent main account field to the account that will be affected by the initial transaction against the primary main account. Set appropriate values for the other fields on the line. You can change the value in the Percent field to reflect the effect of the primary main account on the dependent main account. For a sales or purchase forecast, select a Terms of payment value that is typical for most customers or vendors. Set the Posting type field to the expected posting type that is related to the cash flow forecast.
Accounts payable
You can calculate the forecast for purchases by using the setup options on the Accounts payable tab of the Cash flow forecast setup page. Before you can configure cash flow forecasting for Accounts payable, you must configure terms of payment, vendor groups, and vendor posting profiles.
In the Purchasing forecast defaults section, you can select default purchasing behaviors for cash flow forecasting. Three fields determine the time of the cash impact: Time between delivery date and invoice date, Terms of payment, and Time between invoice due date and payment date. The forecast will use the default setting for the Terms of payment field only if a value isn’t specified on the transaction. Use a term of payment to describe the most typical number of days for each part of the process.
The Liquidity accounts for payments field specifies the liquidity account that is most often used for payments. Use the Percentage of amount to allocate to cash flow forecast field to specify whether a percentage of amounts should be used during forecasting. Leave this field blank if the full transaction amounts should be used during forecasting.
You can override the default setting for the Time between invoice due date and payment date field for specific vendor groups. The forecast will use the default value from the Purchasing forecast defaults section unless a different value is specified for the vendor group that is related to the vendor on the transaction. To override the default value, select a vendor group, and then set the new value for the Purchasing time field.
You can override the default setting for the Liquidity account field for specific vendor posting profiles. The forecast will use the default value from the Purchasing forecast defaults section unless a different liquidity account is specified for the posting profile that is related to the vendor on the transaction. To override the default value, select a posting profile, and then specify the liquidity account that is expected to be affected.
Accounts receivable
You can calculate the forecast for sales by using the setup options on the Accounts receivable tab of the Cash flow forecast setup page. Before you can configure cash flow forecasting for the Accounts receivable, you must configure terms of payment, customer groups, and customer posting profiles.
In the Sales forecast defaults section, you can select default sales behaviors for cash flow forecasting. Three fields determine the time of the cash impact: Time between shipping date and invoice date, Terms of payment, and Time between invoice due date and payment date. The forecast will use the default setting for the Terms of payment field only if a value isn’t specified on the transaction. Use a term of payment to describe the most typical number of days for each part of the process.
The Liquidity accounts for payments field specifies the liquidity account that is most often used for payments. Use the Percentage of amount to allocate to cash flow forecast field to specify whether a percentage of amounts should be used during forecasting. Leave this field blank if the full transaction amounts should be used during forecasting.
You can override the default setting for the Time between invoice due date and payment date field for specific customer groups. The forecast will use the default value from the Sales forecast defaults section unless a different value is specified for the customer group that is related to the customer on the transaction. To override the default value, select a customer group, and then set the new value for the Sales time field.
You can override the default setting for the Liquidity account field for specific customer posting profiles. The forecast will use the default value from the Sales forecast defaults section unless a different liquidity account is specified for the posting profile that is related to the customer on the transaction. To override the default value, select a posting profile, and then set the liquidity account that is expected to be affected.
Budgeting
Budgets that are created from budget models can be included in cash flow forecasts. On the Cash flow forecast setup page on the Budgeting tab, select the budget models to include in the forecast. By default, new budget register entries are included in forecasts after the budget model has been enabled for cash flow forecasting.
Budget register entries can be included in the cash flow forecast on an individual basis through personalization. When you add the «Include in cash flow forecasts» column to the Budget register entry page, the system will overwrite the settings on the Cash flow forecast setup page to include an individual budget register entry in the forecast.
Inventory management
Inventory supply and demand forecasts can be included in cash flow forecasts. On the Inventory management tab of the Cash flow forecast setup page, select the forecast model to include in the cash flow forecast. Inclusion in cash flow forecasting can be overwritten on individual supply and demand forecast lines.
Setting up Dimensions for Cash flow forecasting
A new tab on the Cash flow forecasting setup page lets you control which financial dimensions are used for filtering in the Cash flow forecasting workspace. This tab appears only when the Cash flow forecasts feature in Finance insights is enabled.
On the Dimensions tab, choose from the list of dimensions to use for filtering, and use the arrow keys to move them to the right-hand column. Only two dimensions can be selected for filtering cash flow forecast data.
Setting up External source
External data can be entered or imported into cash flow forecasts. Before external data is entered or imported, external sources must be set up. On the External source tab, set up external cash flow categories. A category can be either Outgoing or Incoming. Liquidity should be selected as the posting type. In the Legal entity settings grid, select the legal entities and the corresponding main accounts that the external cash flow categories apply to.
Project management and accounting
In version 10.0.17, a new feature enables integration with Project management and accounting and Cash flow forecasting. In the Feature management workspace, turn on the Cash flow Project forecast feature to include the forecasted costs and revenues in the cash flow forecast. On the Project management and accounting tab of the Cash flow forecast setup page, select the project types and transaction types that should be included in the cash flow forecast. Then select the project forecast model. A reduction type submodel works best. The liquidity accounts that were entered in the Accounts receivable setup are used as the default liquidity accounts. Therefore, you don’t have to enter default liquidity accounts when you set up the cash flow forecast. A budget model can also be used, but only one type can be selected on the Cash flow forecast setup page for Project management and accounting. A forecast model provides the most flexibility when Project management and accounting or Project Operations is used.
After Cash flow project forecast feature is turned on, the cash flow forecast can be viewed for each project on the All projects page. On the Action Pane, on the Plan tab, in the Forecast group, select Cash flow forecast. In the Cash overview workspaces (see the Reporting section later in this topic), the Project forecast transaction type shows the inflows (project forecast revenue) and the outflows (project forecast costs). The amounts can be included only if the Project stage field in the Cash overview workspaces is set to In process.
Project transactions are still included in the cash flow forecast in several ways, regardless of whether the Cash flow project forecast feature is turned on. Posted project invoices are included in the forecast as part of open customer transactions. Project-initiated sales orders and purchase orders are included in the forecast as open orders after they are entered in the system. You can also transfer project forecasts to a ledger budget model. This ledger budget model is then included in the cash flow forecast as part of the budget register entries. If you’ve turned on the Cash flow project forecast feature, don’t transfer project forecasts to a ledger budget model, because this action will cause the project forecasts to be counted two times.
Calculation
Before you can view cash flow forecasting analytics, you must run the cash flow calculation process. The calculation process will project the future cash impacts of transactions that have been entered.
Calculate the cash flow forecast by using the Calculate cash flow forecasts page. You can calculate either the full cash flow forecast or an incremental cash flow forecast.
You can also use batch processing for your cash flow forecasting. To help ensure that your forecasting analytics are regularly updated, set up a recurring batch process for cash flow forecast calculation.
In version 10.0.13, an enhancement to the calculation process was released that uses the process automation framework to schedule the cash flow calculation job. This is enabled using the Cash flow forecast automation feature in the Feature Management workspace. Once enabled, select the Cash flow forecast automation link to display the new automation page where you can schedule the cash flow calculation process. To create a new cash flow forecast schedule, select Create new process automation and then select Cash flow forecast automation in the Schedule type drop-down menu. You must set a schedule for each company that you’re updating the cash flow forecast data for. This page also shows which cash flow forecast automation jobs are pending, and when the last job was completed.
If existing batch jobs are already scheduled for cash flow forecasts, you will receive an error message and you won’t be able to enable this feature. Existing batch jobs will need to be cleared before you can enable this feature.
For more information, see Process automation.
Reporting
After the cash flow forecast is calculated, you must refresh the associated entity information for analytical reporting. On the Entity store page, select the LedgerCovLiquidityMeasurement aggregate measurement, and then click Refresh.
There are two workspaces that contain cash flow forecasting data. One workspace has data for all companies, and the other workspace has data only for the current company.
Access to the workspace for all companies is controlled through the View cash flow all companies workspace duty. By default, the Cash overview – all companies workspace is available to the following roles:
Access to the workspace for the current company is controlled through the View cash flow current company workspace duty. By default, the Cash overview – current company workspace is available to the following roles:
The Cash overview – all companies workspace shows cash flow forecasting analytics in the system currency. The system currency and the system exchange rate type that are used for the analytics are defined on the System parameters page. This workspace shows an overview of cash flow forecasting and bank account balances for all companies. A chart of cash inflows and outflows gives an overview of future cash movements and balances in the system currency, together with detailed information about the forecasted transactions. You can also see the forecasted currency balances.
The Cash overview – current company workspace shows cash flow forecasting analytics in the company’s defined accounting currency. The accounting currency that is used for the analytics is defined on the Ledger page. This workspace shows an overview of cash flow forecasting and bank account balances for the current company. A chart of cash inflows and outflows gives an overview of future cash movements and balances in the accounting currency, together with detailed information about the forecasted transactions. You can also see the forecasted currency balances.
For more information about the cash flow forecasting analytics, see Cash overview Power BI content.
Additionally, you can view cash flow forecasting data for specific accounts, orders, and items on the following pages:
