mikrotik designated port что это

Коммутация в Mikrotik — Bridge и Master-port

В RouterOS есть два способа коммутации портов.

Коммутация портов MikroTik через Switch (Master Port)

В этом случае коммутация производится через чип свитча, в обход центрального процессора маршрутизатора. Обычно в SOHO маршрутизаторах Mikrotik используется одна свитч-группа на 5 портов, если портов больше — две свитч-группы. В устройствах Cloud Router Switch чипы коммутации на больше портов и имеют больше возможностей, подробней на них мы останавливаться в этой статье не будем.
Настроить коммутацию можно в разделе General каждого порта, просто выбрав в пункте Master Port. Это главный порт, через который будет происходить коммутация. Коммутация позволяет достичь проводной скорости обмена данными между портами одной группы, как между портами в обычном Ethernet-коммутаторе. Основной (master) порт будет являться портом, через который RouterOS будет сообщаться со всеми остальными портами данной группы. Интерфейсы, для которых задан master-порт, становятся неактивны – не учитывается поступивший и отправленный трафик. Фактически, как будто мы объединили порты физическим, «тупым» коммутатором (свитчем). В роутерах Mikrotik применяются следующие чипы коммутации:

Возможности чипов коммутации:

Возможности	Atheros 8316	Atheros 8327	Atheros 7240	ICPlus 175D	Другие
Коммутация портов	да	да	да	да	да
Зеркалирование портов	да	да	да	да	нет
Таблица MAC-адресов	2000 записей	2000 записей	2000 записей	нет	нет
Vlan-таблица	4096 записей	4096 записей	16 записей	нет	нет
Таблица правил	32 правила	92 правила	нет	нет	нет

* Порт ether1 на RB450G имеет особенность, которая позволяет ему быть исключённым/добавленным из/в коммутируемой(ую) группы(у) по умолчанию. По умолчанию порт ether1 будет включён в группу коммутации. Данная конфигурация может быть изменена с помощью команды

«/interface ethernet switch set switch1 switch-all-ports=no».
switch-all-ports=yes/no:
«yes» означает, что порт ether1 является портом коммутатора и поддерживает создание групп коммутации и все остальные расширенные возможности чипа Atheros8316, включая расширенную статистику (/interface ethernet print stats).
«no» означает, что порт ether1 не является частью коммутатора, что, фактически, делает его самостоятельным Ethernet-портом – это способ увеличения пропускной способности между ним и другими портами в режимах сетевого моста и маршрутизации, но в то же время исключает возможность коммутации на этом порту. Коммутация через Switch является самой быстрой и производительной в маршрутизаторе, в тоже время имеет наименьшее количество возможностей. При этом:

Итого, можно выделить несколько особенностей такого метода:

Коммутация в MikroTik через Bridge-interface

Порты объединяются не напрямую, а программно, используя ресурсы центрального процессора маршрутизатора. К портам могут быть применены фильтры брандмауэра. Такое объединение так-же влияет на прохождение пакетов по упрощенной схеме (Fastpath). Если взять в пример 2011-серию маршрутизаторов, то ether1-ether5 объеденены в switch1 (Atheros 8327) а ether6-ether10 в switch2 (Atheros 8227), вы можете использовать только Bridge для объединения их в одно целое. Особенность данного метода:

Коммутация позволяет достичь проводной скорости (wire speed) обмена данными между портами одной группы, как между портами в обычном Ethernet-коммутаторе.

Пока пакет не достиг cpu-порта, его обработка полностью осуществляется логикой коммутатора, не требуя какого-либо участия центрального процессора, и эта обработка происходит с проводной скоростью при любом размере кадра.

Пропала опция Master-port и поле Switch

Не пугайтесь, это нормально, если прошивка вашего роутера 6.41 и выше. Теперь вся информация, которая передается на втором уровне модели OSI, будет передаваться через Bridge. Использование swich-чипа (hw-offload) будет автоматически активировано автоматически в случае такой возможности. По умолчанию при добавлении любого интерфейса в Bridge у него будет активирована опция «Hardware Offload», которая будет передавать всю информацию 2-го уровня через switch-чип. Если эту опцию убрать, то обработка будет осуществляться силами операционной системы.

При обновлении на RouterOS 6.41 и выше с RouterOS версий 6.40.5 и ниже все настройки master-port будут автоматически перенесены в Bridge-интерфейс. Если произвести downgrade до версии, которая поддерживает master-port, то настройки не будут возвращены на место. Настоятельно рекомендуется сделать резервную копию до обновления.

До обновления до RouterOS 6.41:

/interface ethernet set [ find default-name=ether1 ] name=ether1-WAN1 set [ find default-name=ether5 ] name=ether5-LAN1-master set [ find default-name=ether2 ] master-port=ether5-LAN1-master name=ether2-LAN1 set [ find default-name=ether3 ] master-port=ether5-LAN1-master name=ether3-LAN1 set [ find default-name=ether4 ] master-port=ether5-LAN1-master name=ether4-LAN1 /ip address add address=10.10.10.1/24 interface=ether1-WAN1 network=10.10.10.0 add address=192.168.0.1/24 interface=ether5-LAN1-master network=192.168.0.0 /ip firewall nat add action=masquerade chain=srcnat out-interface=ether1-WAN1

После обновления на RouterOS 6.41 и старше:

/interface bridge add admin-mac=6C:3B:6B:4A:80:3D auto-mac=no comment=»created from master port» name=bridge1 protocol-mode=none /interface ethernet set [ find default-name=ether1 ] name=ether1-WAN1 set [ find default-name=ether2 ] name=ether2-LAN1 set [ find default-name=ether3 ] name=ether3-LAN1 set [ find default-name=ether4 ] name=ether4-LAN1 set [ find default-name=ether5 ] name=ether5-LAN1-master /interface bridge port add bridge=bridge1 interface=ether2-LAN1 add bridge=bridge1 interface=ether3-LAN1 add bridge=bridge1 interface=ether4-LAN1 add bridge=bridge1 interface=ether5-LAN1-master /ip neighbor discovery-settings set discover-interface-list=!dynamic /ip address add address=10.10.10.1/24 interface=ether1-WAN1 network=10.10.10.0 add address=192.168.0.1/24 interface=bridge1 network=192.168.0.0 /ip firewall nat add action=masquerade chain=srcnat out-interface=ether1-WAN1

Источник

Manual:Spanning Tree Protocol

Contents

Spanning Tree Protocol

RouterOS is capable of running bridge interfaces with (R/M)STP support in order to create a loop-free and Layer2 redundant environment. It is always recommended to manually set up each bridge’s priority, port priority, and port path cost to ensure proper Layer2 functionality at all times. Leaving STP related values to defaults are acceptable for a network that consists of 1 to 2 bridges running with (R/M)STP enabled, but it is highly recommended to manually set these values for larger networks. Since STP elects a root bridge and root ports by checking STP related values from bridges over the network, then leaving STP settings to automatic may elect an undesired root bridge and root ports and in case of a hardware failure can result in an inaccessible network.

You can check the STP status of a bridge by using the /interface bridge monitor command, for example:

You can check the STP status of a bridge port by using the /interface bridge port monitor command, for example:

Note: When using bridges that are set to use 802.1Q as EtherType, they will send out BPDUs to 01:80:C2:00:00:00, which are used by MSTP, RSTP and STP. When using 802.1ad as bridge VLAN protocol, the BPDUs are not compatible with 802.1Q bridges and they are sent to 01:80:C2:00:00:08. (R/M)STP will not function properly if there are different bridge VLAN protocols across the Layer2 network.

STP and RSTP

STP and Rapid STP are used very widely across many networks, but almost all networks have switched over using only RSTP since of its benefits. STP is a very old protocol and has a convergence time (the time needed to fully learn network topology changes and to continue properly forwarding traffic) even up to 50 seconds, which was acceptable for the 1980s when it was invented. RSTP has a lot of smaller convergence time, a few seconds or even a few milliseconds), which is acceptable for nowadays network requirements. It is recommended to use RSTP instead of STP since it is a lot faster and is also backward compatible with STP. One of the reasons why RSTP is faster is because of reduced possible port states, below is a list of possible STP port states:

In RSTP the disabled, listening and blocking port states are replaced with just one state called the Discarding state:

In STP connectivity between bridges is determined by sending and receiving BPDUs between neighbor bridges. Designated ports are sending BPDUs to root ports. If a BPDU is not received 3 times the HelloTime in a row, then the connection is considered as unavailable and network topology convergence will commence. It is possible for STP to reduce the convergence time in certain scenarios by reducing the forward-delay timer, which is responsible for how long can the port be in the learning/listening state.

In RouterOS, it is possible to specify which bridge ports are edge ports. Edge ports are ports that are not supposed to receive any BPDUs, this is beneficial since this allows STP to skip the learning and the listening state and directly go to the forwarding state. This feature is sometimes called PortFast· You can leave this parameter to the default value, which is auto, but you can also manually specify it, you can set a port as edge port manually for ports that should not have any more bridges behind it, usually these are access ports.

Default values

When creating a bridge or adding a port to a bridge the following are the default values that are assigned by RouterOS:

RouterOS does not change port path cost based on the link speed, for 10M, 100M, 1000M and 10000M link speeds the default path cost value when a port is added to a bridge are always 10. The age of a BPDU is determined by how many bridges have the BPDU passed times the message age since RouterOS uses 1 as the message age increment, then the BPDU packet can pass as many bridges as specified in the max-message-age parameter. By default this value is set to 20, this means that after the 20th bridge the BPDU packet will be discarded and the next bridge will become a root bridge, note that if max-message-age=20 on is set, then it is hard to predict which ports will be the designated port on the 21st bridge and may result in traffic not being able to be forwarded properly. In case bridge filter rules are used, make sure you allow packets with DST-MAC address 01:80:C2:00:00:00 since these packets carry BPDUs that are crucial for STP to work properly.

Election process

To properly configure STP in your network you need to understand the election process and which parameters are involved in which order. In RouterOS the root bridge will be elected based on the smallest priority and the smallest MAC address in this particular order:

In RouterOS root ports are elected based on lowest Root port path cost, lowest bridge identifier, and lowest bridge port ID in this particular order:

First, when the device considers which of its ports to elect as the root port, it will check the root path cost seen by its ports. If root path cost is the same for two or more ports then the Bridge identifier of the upstream device will be checked and port connected to the lowest bridge identifier will become the root port. If the same bridge identifier is seen on two or more ports, then Bridge port ID of upstream device will be checked.

Explanation of attributes:

Root path cost, all bridges have a Root Path Cost. Root bridge has a root path cost of 0. For all other Bridges, it is the sum of the Port Path Costs on the least-cost path to the Root Bridge. You can modify local port path cost under «/interface bridge port».

Bridge identifier is a combination of «bridge priority» and «bridge MAC», configurable under «/interface bridge»

Bridge port ID is a combination of «unique ID» and «bridge port priority», the unique ID is automatically assigned to bridge port upon adding it to the bridge, it cannot be edited. It can be seen in WinBox under «Bridge Port» «Port Number» column, or with «/interface bridge port monitor», as «port-number».

Note: Make sure you are using path cost and priority on the right ports. For example, setting path cost on ports that are in a root bridge has no effect, only port priority has an effect on them. Root path cost has an effect on ports that are facing towards the root bridge and port priority has an effect on ports that are facing away from the root bridge. And bridge identifier doesn’t impact devices own root port election, instead it affects root port election for downstream devices.

Warning: In RouterOS it is possible to set any value for bridge priority between 0 and 65535, the IEEE 802.1W standard states that the bridge priority must be in steps of 4096. This can cause incompatibility issues between devices that do not support such values. To avoid incompatibility issues, it is recommended to use only these priorities: 0, 4096, 8192, 12288, 16384, 20480, 24576, 28672, 32768, 36864, 40960, 45056, 49152, 53248, 57344, 61440.

Example

In this example, we want to ensure Layer2 redundancy for connections from ServerA to ServerB. If a port is connected to a device that is not a bridge and not running (R)STP, then this port is considered as an edge port, in this case ServerA and ServerB is connected to an edge port. This is possible by using STP in a network. Below are configuration examples for each switch.

In this example SW1 is the root bridge since it has the lowest bridge priority. SW2 and SW3 has ether1,ether2 connected to the root bridge and ether3 is connected to SW4. When all switches are working properly, the traffic will be flowing from ServerA through SW1_ether2, through SW2, through SW4 to ServerB. In case of SW1 failure, the SW2 becomes the root bridge because of the next lowest priority. Below is a list of ports and their role for each switch:

Note: By the 802.1W recommendations, you should use bridge priorities in steps of 4096. To set a recommended priority it is more convenient to use hexadecimal notation, for example, 0 is 0x0000, 4096 is 0x1000, 8192 is 0x2000 and so on (0..F).

Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol

Since RouterOS v6.41 it is possible to enable Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) on a bridge interface to ensure loop-free topology across multiple VLANs, MSTP can also provide Layer2 redundancy and can be used as a load balancing technique for VLANs since it has the ability to have different paths across different VLANs. MSTP is operating very similarly to (R)STP and many concepts from (R)STP can be applied to MSTP and it is highly recommended to understand the principles behind (R)STP before using MSTP, but there are some differences that must be taken into account when designing a MSTP enabled network.

In case (R)STP is used, the BPDUs are sent across all physical interfaces in a bridge to determine loops and stop ports from being able to forward traffic, if it causes a loop. In case there is a loop inside a certain VLAN, (R)STP might not be able to detect it. Some STP variants solve this problem by running a STP instance on every single VLAN (PVST), but this has been proven to inefficient and some STP variants solve this problem by running a single STP instance across all VLANs (CST), but it lacks the possibility to do load balancing for each VLAN or VLAN group. MSTP tends to solve both problems by using MST instances that can define a group of VLANs (VLAN mapping) that can be used for load balancing and redundancy, this means that each VLAN group can have a different root bridge and a different path. Note that it is beneficial to group multiple VLANs in a single instance to reduce the amount of CPU cycles for each network topology change.

Warning: In RouterOS with MSTP enabled the bridge priority is the CIST’s root bridge priority, as stated in the IEEE 802.1Q standard the bridge priority must be in steps of 4096, the 12 lowest bits are ignored. These are valid bridge priorities: 0, 4096, 8192, 12288, 16384, 20480, 24576, 28672, 32768, 36864, 40960, 45056, 49152, 53248, 57344, 61440. When setting an invalid bridge priority, RouterOS will warn you about it and trunk the value to a valid value, but will save the original value in the configuration since invalid bridge priority values can still be used in (R)STP between devices running RouterOS, though it is recommended to use valid a bridge priority instead.

MSTP Regions

MSTP works in groups called regions, for each region there will be a regional root bridge and between regions there will be a root bridge elected. MSTP will use Internal Spanning Tree (IST) to build the network topology inside a region and Common Spanning Tree (CST) outside a region to build the network topology between multiple regions, MSTP combines these two protocols into Common and Internal Spanning Tree (CIST), which holds information about topology inside a region and between regions. From CST’s perspective a region will seemingly be as a single virtual bridge, because of this MSTP is considered very scalable for large networks. In order for bridges to be in the same region, their configuration must match, BPDUs will not include VLAN mappings since they can be large, rather a computed hash is being transmitted. If a bridge receives a BPDU through a port and the configuration does not match, then MSTP will consider that port as a boundary port and that it can be used to reach other regions. Below is a list of parameters that need to match in order for MSTP to consider a BPDU from the same region:

It is possible to create MSTP enabled network without regions, though to be able to do load balancing per VLAN group it is required for a bridge to receive a BPDU from a bridge that is connected to it with the same parameters mentioned above. In RouterOS the default region name is empty and region revision is 0, which are valid values, but you must make sure that they match in order to get multiple bridges in a single MSTP region. A region cannot exist if their bridges are scattered over the network, these bridges must be connected at least in one way, in which they can send and receive BPDUs without leaving the region, for example, if a bridge with different region related parameters is between two bridges that have the same region related parameters, then there will exist at least 3 different MSTP regions.

The downside of running every single bridge in a single MSTP region is the excess CPU cycles. In comparison, PVST(+) creates a Spanning Tree Instance for each VLAN ID that exists on the network, since there will be very limited paths that can exist in a network, then this approach creates a lot of overhead and unnecessary CPU cycles, this also means that this approach does not scale very well and can overload switches with not very powerful CPUs. MSTP solves this problem by dividing the network into MSTP regions, where each bridge inside this region will exchange and process information about VLANs that exist inside the same region, but will run a single instance of Spanning Tree Protocol in background to maintain the network topology between regions. This approach has been proven to be much more effective and much more scalable, this means that regions should be used for larger networks to reduce CPU cycles.

In regions you can define MST Instances, which are used to configure load balancing per VLAN group and to elect the regional root bridge. It is worth mentioning that in each region there exists a pre-defined MST Instance, in most documentations this is called as MSTI0· This MST Instance is considered as the default MST Instance, there are certain parameters that apply to this special MST Instance. When traffic is passing through a MSTP enabled bridge, MSTP will look for a MST Instance that has a matching VLAN mapping, but if a VLAN mapping does not exists for a certain VLAN ID, then traffic will fall under MSTI0.

Election process

The election process in MSTP can be divided into two sections, intra region and inter region. For MSTP to work properly there will always need to be a regional root, that is the root bridge inside a region, and a CIST root, that is the root bridge between regions. A regional root is the root bridge inside a region, regional root bridge will be needed to properly set up load balancing for VLAN groups inside a region. CIST root will be used to configure which ports will be alternate/backups ports (inactive) and which ports will be root ports (active).

Note: Between regions there is no load balancing per VLAN group, root port election process and port blocking between MSTP regions is done the same way as in (R)STP. If CIST has blocked a port that is inside a MSTP region to prevent traffic loops between MSTP regions, then this port can still be active for IST to do load balancing per VLAN group inside a MSTP region.

Note: The sequence of parameters in which MSTP checks to elect root bridge/ports are the same as in (R)STP, you can read more about it at the (R)STP Election Process section.

MST Instance

Sub-menu: /interface bridge msti

This section is used to group multiple VLAN IDs to a single instance to create a different root bridge for each VLAN group inside a MSTP region.

Property	Description
bridge (text; Default: )	Bridge to which assign a MST instance.
identifier (integer: 1..31; Default: )	MST instance identifier.
priority (integer: 0..65535 decimal format or 0x0000-0xffff hex format; Default: 32768 / 0x8000)	MST instance priority, used to determine the root bridge for a group of VLANs in a MSTP region.
vlan-mapping (integer: 1..4094; Default: )	The list of VLAN IDs to assign to MST instance. This setting accepts VLAN ID range as well as comma separated values. E.g. vlan-mapping=100-115,120,122,128-130

MST Override

Sub-menu: /interface bridge port mst-override

This section is used to select desired path for each VLAN mapping inside a MSTP region.

Property	Description
disabled (yes | no; Default: no)	Whether entry is disabled.
internal-path-cost (integer: 1..200000000; Default: 10)	Path cost for a MST instance’s VLAN mapping, used on VLANs that are facing towards the root bridge to manipulate path selection, lower path cost is preferred.
identifier (integer: 1..31; Default: )	MST instance identifier.
priority (integer: 0..240; Default: 128)	The priority a MST instance’s VLAN, used on VLANs that are facing away from the root bridge to manipulate path selection, lower priority is preferred.
interface (name; Default: )	Name of the port on which use configured MST instance’s VLAN mappings and defined path cost and priority.

Monitoring

Similarly to (R)STP, it is also possible to monitor MSTP status. By monitoring the bridge interface itself it possible to see the current CIST root bridge and the current regional root bridge for MSTI0, it is also possible to see the computed hash of MST Instance identifiers and VLAN mappings, this is useful when making sure that certain bridges are in the same MSTP region. Below you can find an example to monitoring a MSTP bridge:

In MSTP it is possible to monitor the MST Instance, this is useful to determine the current regional root bridge for a certain MST Instance and VLAN group, below you can find an example to monitor a MST Instance:

It is also possible to monitor a certain MST Override entry, this is useful to determine the port role for a certain MST Instance when configuring root ports and alternate/backup ports in a MSTP region, below you can find an example to monitor a MST Override entry:

Example

Lets say that we need to design a topology and configure MSTP in a way that VLAN 10,20 will be forwarded in one path, but VLAN 30,40 will be forwarded in a different path, while all other VLAN IDs will be forwarded in one of those paths. This can easily be done by setting up MST Instances and assigning port path costs, below you can find a network topology that needs to do load balancing per VLAN group with 3 separate regions as an example:

Start by adding each interface to a bridge, initially you should create a (R)STP bridge without VLAN filtering enabled, this is to prevent loosing access to the CPU. Each device in this example is named by the region that it is in (Rx) and a device number (_x). For larger networks configuring MSTP can confusing because of the amount of links and devices, we recommend using The Dude to monitor and design a network topology.

Note: Make sure you add all the needed VLAN IDs and ports to the bridge VLAN table, otherwise your device will not forward all required VLANs and/or you will loose access to the device. You can read about how to set up management ports with bridge VLAN filtering at the Management port section.

We need to assign a region name for each bridge that we want to be in a single MSTP region, you can also specify the region revision, but it is optional, though they need to match. In this example if all bridges will have the same region name, then they will all be in a single MSTP bridge. In this case we want to separate a group of 3 bridges in a different MSTP region to do load balancing per VLAN group and to create diversity and scalability.

After we have created 3 different MSTP regions, we need to decide which device is going to be a regional root for each VLAN group. For consistency we are going to set the first device (_1) in each region as the regional root for VLAN 10,20 and the third device (_3) in each region as the regional root for VLAN 30,40. This can be done by creating a MST Instance for each VLAN group and assigning a bridge priority to it. The MST Instance identifier is only relevant inside a MSTP region, outside a MSTP region these identifiers can be different and mapped to a different VLAN group.

Now we need to override the port path-cost and/or port priority for each MST Instance. This can be done by adding a MST-Override entry for each port and each MST Instance. To achieve that for a certain MST Instance the traffic flow path is different, we simply need to make sure that the port path cost and/or priority is larger. We can either increase the port path cost or either decrease the port path cost to ports that are facing towards the regional root bridge. It doesn’t matter if you increase or decrease all values, it is important that at the end one port’s path cost is larger than the other’s.

Now we can configure the root ports for MSTI0, in which will fall under all VLANs that are not assigned to a specific MST Instance, like in our example VLAN 10,20 and VLAN 30,40. To configure this special MST Instance, you will need to specify internal-path-cost to a bridge port. This value is only relevant to MSTP regions, it does not have any effect outside a MSTP region. In this example will choose that all unknown VLANs will be forwarded over the same path as VLAN 30,40, we will simply increase the path cost on one of the ports.

At this point a single region MSTP can be considered as configured and in general MSTP is fully functional. It is highly recommended to configure the CIST part, but for testing purposes it can be left with the default values. Before doing any tests, you need to enable MSTP on all bridges.

When MSTP regions have been configured, you can check if they are properly configured by forwarding traffic, for example, send tagged traffic from the first device to the third device and change the VLAN ID for the tagged traffic to observe different paths based on VLAN ID. When this is working as expected, then you can continue to configure CIST related parameters to elect a CIST root bridge and CIST root ports. For consistency we will choose the first device in the first region to be the CIST root bridge and to ensure the consistency in case of failure we can set a higher priority to all other bridges.

We also need to elect a root port on each bridge, for simplicity we will choose the port that is closest to Ŗ1_1 as the root port and has the least hops. At this point the procedure to elect root ports is the same as the procedure in (R)STP.

Источник