Техники обучения письму на уроках английского языка
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Целью обучения письменной речи является «формирование у учащихся письменной коммуникативной компетенции, которая включает владение письменными знаками, содержанием и формой письменного произведения речи».
Задачи, которые необходимо решить для достижения этой цели, включают «формирование у учащихся необходимых графических автоматизмов, речемыслительных навыков и умений формулировать мысль в соответствии с письменными стилями, расширение знаний и кругозора, формирование аутентичных представлений о предметном содержании, речевом стиле и графической форме письменного текста».
При обучении иностранному языку отрабатываются три основных вида письменной речевой деятельности:
Контролируемое письмо (Controlled writing):
составление предложений (или переписывание, копирование текстов).
Направляемое письмо (Directed or Guided writing).
Письменная работа выполняется в соответствии с определенным заданием.
Свободное письмо (Free writing).
Хотелось бы привести несколько примеров заданий и упражнений, которые мы выполняем с учениками, работая над всеми тремя видами письма.
Controlled Writing (Контролируемое письмо).
Игра в «Bingo!» на буквы, предлоги, формы глаголов.
Составление слов из заданных букв.
Расшифровка слов по заданному шифру.
Расстановка слов предложения по порядку.
Расположение кусков текста в соответствии с картинками (или наоборот).
В Упражнениях 2–5 результат обязательно следует записать в тетрадь.
Guided or Directed Writing ( Направляемое письмо ).
1. Projects.
Подготовка плакатов, таблиц, диаграмм.
Выполнение этих заданий формирует умение выбрать главное – то есть то, что необходимо проиллюстрировать таблицей или диаграммой. В дальнейшем этот навык очень пригодится для составления тезисов выступлений или написания планов сочинений.
Уже на начальном этапе обучения наряду с традиционными заданиями (диктанты, подстановочные упражнения, заполнение пропусков) необходимо предлагать ученикам упражнения, имеющие выход в реальную жизненную ситуацию. Это может быть заполнение анкет, личных карточек, оформление автобиографических сведений. Подобные задания вносят в процесс обучения письму элемент творчества.
2. Классификация объектов или предметов (Word-webs).
Эти задания способствуют развитию логического мышления, способности обобщения. Очень полезными данные упражнения могут быть на этапе отработки слов на заданную тему.
3. Управляемые поэтические упражнения.
Развитию творческого мышления на иностранном языке способствует создание небольших стихотворений по заданной схеме или изменение ранее выученных стихов с использованием активного вокабуляра. Примером управляемого поэтического упражнения может служить так называемое cinquian poem – стихотворение, состоящее из пяти строк, в каждой из которых сформулировано задание:
Line 1. State a subject in one word (a noun).
Line 2. Describe the subject in two words (Adverb + Adjective or two Adjectives).
Line 3. Describe an action about the subject in three verbs or 1sentence (3 words).
Line 4. Express an emotion about the subject in four words.
Line 5. Restate the subject in another single word.
Учащиеся начального уровня, пользуясь активным вокабуляром по темам «Внешность» и «Черты характера», могут создать следующие пятистрочные стихотворения в прозе:
Very friendly.
Have lunch together.
I like my relatives.
Happiness.
Charming, cute.
Smiles, cries, sleeps.
He makes me happy.
Childhood.
Подобные стихотворные формы, являясь с точки зрения дискурсивной организации простыми перечислениями, не требуют знания сложных грамматических структур и поэтому вполне доступны для учащихся начального уровня. Они способствуют расширению словарного запаса, поскольку в процессе их создания приходится пользоваться словарем. Подобные работы могут быть собраны в антологию письменных произведений, что, безусловно, повысит уровень мотивации.
4. Упражнения, предлагаемые ученикам среднего уровня, служат своеобразным мостом между структурированными упражнениями начального этапа и творческими заданиями продвинутого уровня. Они подготавливают учащихся к написанию сочинений. На этом уровне можно использовать частичный перевод, реорганизацию простых предложений в сложные с использованием различных связующих элементов, реконструкцию предложений по ключевым словам. Так, например, можно предложить объединить несколько простых предложений в одно сложное с использованием различных связующих элементов.
Например, следующие фразы:
The boy has fair hair.
The boy is standing by the gates.
The boy looks curious.
Можно преобразовать в следующее предложение The short fair-haired boy standing by the gates looks curious.
Предложения для подобных заданий могут быть взяты из оригинальной литературы. Сравнение вариантов, предложенных учащимися, с оригиналом сделает работу более целенаправленной, интересной и полезной.
5. На этом этапе можно предлагать учащимся задания по трансформации текста.
Письма могут быть трансформированы в телеграммы, текст – в таблицу, последовательность картин или диаграмма – в текст. Подобные упражнения помогают анализировать и синтезировать полученную информацию, отделяя главное содержание от второстепенных деталей.
6. Для развития логического мышления учащихся полезными могут быть так называемые strip stories. Небольшой текст разрезается на отдельные предложения, которые студенты должны соединить в логической последовательности.
Guided Writing Развитие письма
Данная презентация представляет собой пошаговую инструкцию по написанию рассказа от имени животного на английском языке. Учащиеся записывают предложения по секундомеру (1-2 минуты на каждый шаг), затем они объединяются в группы, анализируют и соотносят свои работы, после чего представляет свои результаты всему классу. У этого вида деятельности много плюсов: 1. все пишут, 2. все работают в группах, 3 и самое главное они имеют готовый план рассказа о себе. Надеюсь, данная презентация будет интересна и полезна коллегам.
Просмотр содержимого документа
«Guided Writing Развитие письма»
Шевцова Ирина Николаевна,
учитель английского языка
(savana, wood, sea, ocean,
desert, swamp, stable, farm)
(spend time with, hunt for, hide,
ride, enjoy, swim, lie, fly)
(Also, besides, in addition, moreover,
it goes without saying)
Write 3 sentences beginning with:
Now you have to find the group of animals you belong to.
Looking at your written scatch, discuss what features you have in common with your mates.
Write the same text about yourself.
B2 First FCE Cambridge English: Writing
What’s in the Writing paper?
In the two parts of the Cambridge English: First Writing paper, you have to show that you can write different types of text in English. There are two parts and you have 1 hour and 20 minutes to complete both parts.
You’re given an essay title and two ideas clearly linked to the title. You write an essay giving your opinions about the title, using the ideas given. You must also add a third, different idea of your own linked to the title. The title will be a subject of general interest – you won’t need any specialised knowledge.
What do I have to practise?
Using language functions, such as evaluating, expressing opinions, hypothesising, justifying, persuading.
How many questions are there?
One compulsory question.
How much do I have to write?
You write a text from a choice of text types – article, email/letter, report or review.
To guide your writing, you’ll be given information about context, topic purpose and target reader.
What do I have to practise?
Writing different types of text that could be included in the exam.
How many questions are there?
One task to be selected from a choice of three.
How much do I have to write?
FCE / WRITING / PART 1
• Purpose of an essay
An essay is a piece of writing in which you are asked to discuss a topic that might be controversial or relevant somehow. It usually follows a class discussion.
The language of an essay should be formal. Also, make sure that you justify all your ideas and that you use appropriate connectors to link your sentences and paragraphs.
When writing an essay, you can choose whether to give it a title or not. This could be the same question provided in the task. As for the structure, it should have an introductory paragraph, and a conclusion at the end. The body should consist of 2 or 3 main paragraphs, depending on how you decide to structure your ideas.
• Giving your opinion
Typically, in an essay we tend to express our opinion at the end, although it is acceptable to do so at the beginning, too.
Some common topics to write essays about are the environment, health and tness, work and employment, friendships and family, money, celebrities, etc.
Sample Task 1
In your English class you have been talking about different ways in which you can protect the environment. Now, your English teacher has asked you to write an essay.
Write an essay using all the notes and give reasons for your point of view.
What can people do to help protect the environment?
2. Using bicycles and walking
Sample Answer 1
Protecting the Environment
One of the things that worries people most nowadays is the environment. In the last few decades, humans have been polluting way too much, which has had a negative effect on the environment. For this reason, we must protect it from now on.
First, we ought to start paying attention to the 3 Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle. By doing so, we will reduce the quantity of rubbish, we will not throw away so many things and we will be able to recycle most of our waste.
Second, a very good idea is to stop using cars so much and start cycling or walking a little more. For example, instead of commuting by car, we can try to do it on foot or by bike.
Finally, if we really want to change things, we should teach young pupils about the dangers of contamination and pollution. It’s the only way to change the future, because they are the future citizens of the world.
In conclusion, I believe that if we do these three things, we can still prevent humans from destroying the environment.
Sample Task 2
In your English class you have been talking about work in your country. Now, your English teacher has asked you to write an essay.
Write an essay using all the notes and give reasons for your point of view.
Which is more important: to earn a high salary or to enjoy doing your job?
2. Time you spend working
Sample Answer 2
Enjoying Your Work or Earning a High Salary?
Nowadays, people find it difficult to get a suitable job. Some people think the salary is too low, while others may have a good salary but do not like what they do. However, there are other things to consider, too.
Firstly, we need to think about how long we work for. If we work long hours, the salary should be good. However, maybe the most important thing if we work a lot is to enjoy our job. Otherwise, we will get tired quickly.
On the other hand, the type of work is also important. For instance, if we do a job we like but it is dangerous, the salary should be good. If we are not paid generously, maybe it’s not worth risking our lives.
Finally, we should also take into account holiday periods. If our job has few holiday periods during the year, maybe we can accept a higher salary in exchange.
On the whole, I am of the opinion that in order to be happy, the salary is less important than enjoying the job. However, it is difficult to be happy working for peanuts.
Sample Task 3
In your English class you have been talking about friendships. Now, your English teacher has asked you to write an essay.
Write an essay using all the notes and give reasons for your point of view.
What should we do to make and keep friends?
2. Keeping in touch
Sample Answer 3
Making and Keeping Friends
After family members, friends are the most important people in our lives. So we can all agree that making and keeping friends is essential. But what can we do to make friends and not lose them?
First of all, whenever we make a new friend, we must be honest and always tell the truth. It is not advisable to lie to your new friends because if they nd out, you will lose them.
Another important aspect is keeping in touch. Calling and meeting your friends regularly is the only way of keeping the friendship alive. However, this can be dif cult if they live far, so texting is another acceptable alternative.
Finally, helping your friends when they need you is also an essential part of any friendship. As a result, your friend will value you and your friendship will become stronger.
To sum up, I should say that honesty and keeping in touch are very good ways of supporting your friends. However, the best thing you can do is to love them and help them whenever they need you.
Useful Expressions
— One of the things that
— In the last few decades,
— For this reason,
— First, / Second, / Third,
— Finally,
— By doing so,
— For example,
— In conclusion,
— Nowadays,
— However,
— Firstly, / Secondly, / Thirdly,
— Otherwise,
— On the other hand,
— For instance,
— Finally,
— Take into account
— On the whole,
— I am of the opinion,
— In order to
— we can all agree that
— First of all,
— It is not advisable to
— However,
— Finally,
— As a result,
— To sum up,
— Giving someone else’s opinion:
— Such as
— For example
— For instance
— Like
— In conclusion,
— I am of the opinion that
— On the whole, I would say that
— In my view,
— The way I see it,
— To sum up, if you ask me
FCE / WRITING / PART 2
• Purpose of an article
The goal of an article is usually to talk about a topic you like or in which you are an expert. Also, your article should aim to keep the reader engaged and, in some cases, recommend whatever it is you are talking about.
Articles are usually expected to be less formal than essays. Because they are intended to entertain, you can use more relaxed language, using contractions, phrasal verbs and more informal words. Also, it is common to use rhetorical questions and exclamation marks to keep the reader engaged or to make a point. You should address the reader directly and you can use humour where you think it’s appropriate.
Articles usually have a title. If possible, this title should be catchy so it grabs the reader’s attention. Then, you should have a paragraph for each aspect you are writing about. In your conclusion, you might be expected make a recommendation. It is a good idea to nish your article with a rhetorical question.
• Giving your opinion
An article is all about your opinion, so feel free to give it wherever you feel it’s necessary. Usually, you are asked to write articles about topics you like or are
familiar with, so it makes more sense for your opinions to be generally positive. An article is a very personal piece of writing, so you can use rst-person sentences freely.
You may be asked to write articles on a variety of topics: the Internet, health and tness, music, plays, hobbies, etc.
Sample Task 1
A local magazine has asked readers to write an article about their favourite things about the Internet. Write the article talking about the things you do with the Internet and recommend a website to other readers.
Sample Answer 1
The Internet: A Great Invention
The Internet has changed the way we live. It started as something that we could access only through a computer, but nowadays it is everywhere, and I love it!
One of the cool things about the world wide web is that you can look up anything you want and nd out the answer straight away. Isn’t that fantastic? For example, imagine you are arguing with your friends about how to do something. Easy solution! Go online and nd the answer.
However, the greatest thing about the Internet is how you can learn tons of things very cheaply or even for free! In fact, my favourite website is www.udemy.com, where people register to teach and learn about different things: music, website design, making apps, history, etc. So I totally recommend it to everyone!
In conclusion, the Internet has a lot of great things. For me, the best are nding information and learning online. What about you? What are your favourite things about it?
Writing Guide
CONTENTS Month Abbreviaton What is the proper way to abbreviate the word «month»? Unfortunately, there is no only proper way. It all depends on context: mth (plural mths) is most popular. m’th m-th mo. (plural mos.). MM and M are usually used in date formats like MM/DD/YY. In some documents it is common to see just “m”. Please note: Abbreviations.
In this guide you will find out: What is an article review Article review format How to write a good article review What is an article review? An article review is a piece of writing where you summarize and assess another person’s article. It entails a logical evaluation of the central theme of the article, supporting arguments and implications for further.
In this guide you will find: What is an Evaluation Essay How to Start an Evaluation Essay Evaluation Essay Outline Evaluation Essay Example What is an Evaluation Essay The overall objective of an evaluation essay is to provide validation for the quality (or lack thereof) concerning a particular specific item, product, business, service, program, book, movie etc. It is true.
Cursive writing is a form of penmanship where the writer connects every letter in a word together using an italicized or looped handwriting style. If you would like to practice your cursive handwriting skills, you can practice using any number of worksheets found online. The key is to learn how to best connect letters in a manner that flows neatly and is.
Writing a term paper worthy of a high grade requires much more than a few research hours and some words on a paper. Time, planning, above-average writing skill, these are just a few of the things needed to create a noteworthy paper. If you are unfamiliar with the difference between a great term paper and one that is just ‘okay’.
In your research paper or writing assignment or the presentation, you will probably have some paragraphs or topics which can’t explain the information entirely. This is where you will need to use an appendix. So how to make an appendix? Before we go through the steps of making an appendix, it is essential that we understand its meaning. What is.
You should definitely know what is a comparative essay before you get to writing. A comparative essay is a composition made of many paragraphs that try to explain how two subjects are either similar or different. These essays are mainly about comparing and contrasting various aspects of the subjects in question. In this context, to compare is to identify the.
In this guide you will find out: How to write a letter of intent properly What is a letter of intent Proper use of letter of intent format Examples of letter of intent How to write a letter of intent properly A letter of intent is usually needed when seeking a job, gaining admission to an academic institution or seeking for.
How to write with artificial intelligence
An easy guide to “Deep Writing” without writing any code
In the past few days, I’ve taught a machine learning algorithm how to write in the style of Harry Potter, Hamilton (the musical), and HBO’s Silicon Valley. The mostly non-sensical, occasionally human-like, topically-flavored writing seems to be amusing not only to me, but to many others.
Thus, I’ve made this quick tutorial to teach you how to create your own instances of “Deep Writing”. This is not going to be an in-depth description of the underlying technology — but instead, a step-by-step guide that anybody can follow (even if you have no coding or machine learning experience).
Step 0: Understanding the simple intuition
Here is a very crude approximation of what is involved in the Deep Writing process. More than anything, this is meant to give you enough intuition and appreciation to follow along with the rest of the tutorial.
Step 1: Download the code
We are going to use code written by Sung Kim (who teaches computer science at HKUST). This code is very similar to the code I used, but is a little bit more generally applicable.
Visit this link, click on the green “Clone or download button”, and then choose “Download Zip”.
Find the zip file in your downloads folder, and double-click to unzip it. Drag the folder to your desktop.
